Basic Engine Parts

發(fā)動(dòng)機的基礎零件

The core of the engine is the cylinder, with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder. The engine described above has one cylinder. That is typical of most lawn mowers, but most cars have more than one cylinder (four, six and eight cylinders are common). In a multi-cylinder engine, the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways: inline, V or flat (also known as horizontally opposed or boxer), as shown in the following figures.

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發(fā)動(dòng)機的核心是氣缸，活塞在氣缸內上下運動(dòng)。以上所說(shuō)的是單氣缸發(fā)動(dòng)機。多數草坪割草機都只有一個(gè)氣缸，但多數車(chē)輛的發(fā)動(dòng)機卻不止一個(gè)氣缸（常見(jiàn)的有 4氣缸、6 氣缸以及 8 氣缸）。多氣缸發(fā)動(dòng)機的氣缸排列方式通常分 3 種：直列式，V 型或水平對臥式（又稱(chēng)為水平対置式或対置式），如下圖所示。

Different configurations have different advantages and disadvantages in terms of smoothness, manufacturing cost and shape characteristics. These advantages and disadvantages make them more suitable for certain vehicles.

就其平穩性、生產(chǎn)成本及外形特征而言，氣缸的不同配置方式各有利弊，造就了某些車(chē)輛的個(gè)性化特征。

Let's look at some key engine parts in more detail.

讓我們仔細了解一下發(fā)動(dòng)機的部分關(guān)鍵零件。

Spark plug 火花塞

The spark plug supplies the spark that ignites the air/fuel mixture so that combustion can occur. The spark must happen at just the right moment for things to work properly.

火花塞產(chǎn)生火花，點(diǎn)燃空氣 / 燃料混合氣，從而發(fā)生燃燒?；鸹ū仨氃谶m當的時(shí)刻產(chǎn)生，這樣才能確保所有工作有序進(jìn)行。

Valves 氣門(mén)

The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Note that both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the combustion chamber is sealed.

進(jìn)氣門(mén)與排氣門(mén)在適當的時(shí)間打開(kāi)，以便吸入空氣與燃料，排出廢氣。需注意的是在壓縮與燃燒過(guò)程中，進(jìn)氣門(mén)與排氣門(mén)處于關(guān)閉狀態(tài)，以確保燃燒室的密封性。

Piston 活塞

A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder.

活塞是圓柱形金屬塊，在氣缸內上下運動(dòng)。

Piston rings 活塞環(huán)

Piston rings provide a sliding seal between the outer edge of the piston and the inner edge of the cylinder. The rings serve two purposes:

活塞環(huán)確?；钊膺吘壟c氣缸內邊緣之間的滑動(dòng)密封?；钊h(huán)的作用有 2 個(gè)：

They prevent the fuel/air mixture and exhaust in the combustion chamber from leaking into the sump during compression and combustion.

防止燃燒室內的燃料 / 空氣混合氣以及廢氣在壓縮與燃燒過(guò)程中漏到油底殼。

They keep oil in the sump from leaking into the combustion area, where it would be burned and lost.

同時(shí)防止油底殼內的機油進(jìn)入燃燒區域，造成機油燃燒和損失。

Most cars that "burn oil" and have to have a quart added every 1,000 miles are burning it because the engine is old and the rings no longer seal things properly.

多數汽車(chē)之所以“燒機油”，每行駛 1000 英里必須添加一夸脫機油，是因為發(fā)動(dòng)機老化，活塞環(huán)封閉性變差。

Connecting rod 連桿

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

連桿連接活塞與曲軸。兩端均可旋轉，因此活塞運動(dòng)及曲軸旋轉時(shí)連桿角度發(fā)生變化。

Crankshaft 曲軸

The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does.

曲軸將活塞的上下運動(dòng)轉換為圓周運動(dòng)，原理類(lèi)似于玩偶盒的搖把。

Sump 油底殼

The sump surrounds the crankshaft. It contains some amount of oil, which collects in the bottom of the sump (the oil pan).

油底殼包圍著(zhù)曲軸，存儲部分機油，機油集中在油底殼（機油盤(pán)）底部。

Inline - The cylinders are arranged in a line in a single bank

直列式 – 氣缸單列直線(xiàn)布置

V - The cylinders are arranged in two banks set at an angle to one another

V 型 – 氣缸以一定角度分兩列布置

Flat - The cylinders are arranged in two banks on opposite sides of the engine.

水平對臥式 – 氣缸分兩列布置在發(fā)動(dòng)機兩側